|
|
|
|
|
Oncology emergencies
|
Zhang Jie, Gongbao Cai-dan, Wang Wei, Chen Song
|
Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Hainan Medical University(Tumor Hospital of Hainan Province), Haikou 570100, China
|
|
|
Abstract Oncology emergencies occur at every stage of the onset and treatment of cancer patients. Doctors must be able to identify these emergencies and be able to carry out appropriate treatment. Oncology emergencies are a challenge for clinicians because it involves multiple disciplines and requires rapid intervention to avoid death or severe permanent damage. The ultimate goal is to minimize the risk of managing cancer patients. This article lists five common cases of oncology emergencies, including superior vena cava syndrome(SVCS), malignant spinal cord compression(MSCC), increased intracranial pressure, venous thromboembolism(VTE) and hypercalcemia. The incidence, mechanism, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of oncology emergencies were discussed.
|
Received: 03 November 2017
|
Corresponding Authors:
Gongbao Cai-dan, E-mail:qhxngongbao@Aliyun-com
|
|
|
|
[1]Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW. The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2006, 85(1): 37-42.
[2]Parish JM, Marschke RF Jr, Dines DE, et al. Etiologic considerations in superior vena cava syndrome[J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 1981, 56(7):407-413.
[3]Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J. Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2007, 356(18):1862-1869.
[4]Armstrong BA, Perez CA, Simpson JR, et al. Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1987, 13(4):531-539.
[5]Pluta E, Blecharz P, Reinfuss M, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome in patients with lung cancer - the role of radiotherapy: Part Ⅱ. Efficacy, complications and prognostic factors[J]. Onkologia I Radioterapia, 2011, 17(3):41-46
[6]Beeson MS, Port JL. Superior vena cava syndrome[J]. Encyclopedia of Diagnostic Imaging, 2006, 233(5):1775.
[7]Kim HJ, Kim HS, Chung SH. CT diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome: importance of collateral vessels[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1993, 161(3):539-542.
[8]Mineo TC, Ambrogi V, Nofroni I, et al. Mediastinoscopy in superior vena cava obstruction: analysis of 80 consecutive patients[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 1999, 68(1):223-226.
[9]Hossen MM, Rabbani R, Hasan M. Oncologic Emergencies[J]. American Family Physician, 2014, 31(3):104-114.
[10]Krimsky WS, Behrens RJ, Kerkvliet GJ. Oncologic emergencies for the internist[J]. Cleve Clin J Med, 2002, 69(3):209-210, 213-214, 216-217.
[11]Jahangiri M, Goldstraw P. The role of mediastinoscopy in superior vena caval obstruction[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 1995, 59(2):453-455.
[12]Haffy BG, Wilson LD. Palliation and oncologic emergencies[M]// Handbook of radiation oncology. Jones And Bartlett Publishers, 2009:159-172.
[13]Yu JB, Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC. Superior vena cava syndrome-〖JP〗a proposed classification system and algorithm for management[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2008, 3(8):811-814.
[14]MT Mccurdy, Shanholtz CB. Oncologic emergencies[J]. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(7):2212-2222.
[15]Ganeshan A, Hon LQ, Warakaulle DR, et al. Superior vena caval stenting for SVC obstruction: current status[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2009, 71(2):343-349.
[16]Marcy PY, Magné N, Bentolila F, et al. Superior vena cava obstruction: Is stenting necessary[J]. Support Care Cancer, 2001, 9(2):103-107.
[17]Ecker RD, Endo T, Wetjen NM, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of vertebral column metastases[J].Mayo Clinic Proc, 2005, 80(9):1177-1186.
[18]Bach F, Larsen BH, Rohde K, et al. Metastatic spinal cord compression. Occurrence, symptoms, clinical presentations and prognosis in 398 patients with spinal cord compression[J]. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1990, 107(1-2):37-43.
[19]Loblaw DA, Smith K, Lockwood G, et al. The Princess Margaret Hospital experience of malignant spinal cord compression[C]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 2003, 22: 119.
[20]Schiff D. Spinal cord compression[J]. Neurolclin, 2003, 21(1): 67-86.
[21]Loblaw DA, Laperriere NJ, Mackillop WJ. A population-based study of malignant spinal cord compression in Ontario[J]. Clin Oncol(R Coll Radiol), 2003, 15(4): 211-217.
[22]Jacobs WB, Perrin RG. Evaluation and treatment of spinal metastases: an overview[J]. Neurosurgical Focus, 2001, 11(6):e10.
[23]Prasad D, Schiff D. Malignant spinal-cord compression[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2005, 6(1): 15-24.
[24]Schiff D, Batchelor T, Wen PY. Neurologic emergencies in cancer patients[J]. Neurol Clin, 1998, 16(2): 449-483.
[25]Quint DJ. Indications for emergent MRI of the central nervous system[J]. JAMA, 2000, 283(7): 853-855.
[26]Husband DJ, Grant KA, Romaniuk CS. MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected malignant spinal cord compression[J]. Br J Radiol, 2001, 74(877): 15-23.
[27]Portenoy RK, Galer BS, Salamon O, et al. Identification of epidural neoplasm. Radiography and bone scintigraphy in the symptomatic and asymptomatic spine[J]. Cancer, 1989, 64(11): 2207-2213.
[28]Yeung SCJ, Escalante CP. Oncologic emergencies[M]. Am J Nursing, 1983, 83(9):1283-1285.
[29]Loblaw DA, Perry J, Chambers A, et al. Systematic review of the diagnosis and management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression: the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative’s Neuro-Oncology Disease Site Group[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(9): 2028-2037.
[30]Bilsky MH, Lis E, Raizer J, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of metastatic spinal tumor[J]. Oncologist, 1999, 4(6): 459-469.
[31]Brigden ML. Hematologic and oncologic emergencies. Doing the most good in the least time[J]. Postgraduate Medicine, 2001, 109(3): 143-146.
[32]Kvale PA, Simoff M, Prakash UB. Lung cancer. Palliative care[J]. Chest, 2003, 123(1suppl): 284S-311S.
[33]Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial[J]. Lancet, 2005, 366(9486): 643-648.
[34]Klimo P Jr, Schmidt MH. Surgical management of spinal metastases[J]. Oncologist, 2004, 9(2): 188-196.
[35]Halfdanarson TR, Hogan WJ, Moynihan TJ. Oncologic emergencies: diagnosis and treatment[C]. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Elsevier, 2006, 81(6): 835-848.
[36]Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Davis FG, et al. Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004, 22(14): 2865-2872.
[37]Behl D, Hendrickson AW, Moynihan TJ, et al. Oncologic emergencies[J]. Crit Care Clin, 2010, 26(1):181-205.
[38]Tosoni A, Ermani M, Brandes AA. The pathogenesis and treatment of brain metastases: a comprehensive review[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2004, 52(3): 199-215.
[39]Dunn LT. Raised intracranial pressure[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2002, 73(suppl 1): i23-i27.
[40]Kaal EC, Vecht CJ. The management of brain edema in brain tumors[J]. Curr Opin Oncol, 2004, 16(6): 593-600.
[41]Christiaans MH, Kelder JC, Arnoldus EP, et al. Prediction of intracranial metastases in cancer patients with headache[J]. Cancer, 2002, 94(7): 2063-2068.
[42]Klos KJ, O’Neill BP. Brain metastases[J]. Neurologist, 2004, 10(1): 31-46.
[43]Nutt SH, Patchell RA. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with primary and secondary tumors[J]. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 1992, 3(3):591-599.
[44]Kaal EC, Nil CG, Vecht CJ. Therapeutic management of brain metastasis[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2005, 4(5):289-298.
[45]Jarden JO, Dhawan V, Moeller JR, et al. The time course of steroid action on blood-to-brain and blood-to-tumor transport of 82Rb: a positron emission tomographic study[J]. Ann Neurol, 1989, 25(3):239-245.
[46]Batchelor T, Deangelis LM. Medical management of cerebral metastases[J]. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 1996, 7(3):435-446.
[47]Peacock KH, Lesser GJ. Current therapeutic approaches in patients with brain metastases[J]. Curr Treat Options Oncol, 2006, 7(6):479-489.
[48]Lewis MA, Hendrickson AW, Moynihan TJ. Oncologic emergencies: Pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2011, 61(5):287-314.[49]Tsao MN, Lloyd NS, Wong RK, et al. Radiotherapeutic management of brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Cancer Treat Rev, 2005, 31(4): 256-273.
[50]Chew HK, Wun T, Harvey D, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2006, 166(4):458-464.
[51]Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, et al. Thromboembolism in hospitalized neutropenic cancer patients[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(3):484-490.
[52]Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy[J]. J Thromb Haemost, 2007, 5(3):632-634.
[53]Falanga A, Zacharski L. Deep vein thrombosis in cancer: the scale of the problem and approaches to management[J]. Ann Oncol, 2005, 16(5):696-791.
[54]Seddighzadeh A, Shetty R, Goldhaber SZ. Venous thromboembolism in patients with active cancer[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2007, 98(3):656-661.
[55]Agnelli G, Verso M, Ageno W, et al. The MASTER registry on venous thromboembolism: description of the study cohort[J]. Thromb Res, 2008, 121(5):605-610.
[56]Linenberger ML. Catheter-related thrombosis: risks, diagnosis, and management[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2006, 4(9):889-901.
[57]Carrier M, Lee AY, Bates SM, et al. Accuracy and usefulness of a clinical prediction rule and D-dimer testing in excluding deep vein thrombosis in cancer patients[J]. ThrombRes, 2008, 123(1):177-183.
[58]Rosovsky RP, Kuter DJ. Catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management[J]. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2005, 19(1):183-202.
[59]Van Belle A, Büller HR, Huisman MV, et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography[J]. JAMA, 2006, 295(2):172-179.
[60]Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, et al. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of The PIOPEDⅡInvestigators[J]. Radiology, 2007, 242(1):15-21.
[61]Mandalà M, Falanga A, Roila F. Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines[J]. Ann Oncol, 2011, 22(suppl_6):vi85-92.
[62]Clagett GP, Reisch JS. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients. Results of meta-analysis[J]. Ann Surg, 1988, 208(2):227-240.
[63]Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. Double-blind randomised trial of a very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stageⅣbreast cancer[J]. Lancet, 1994, 343(8902):886-889.
[64]Stewart AF.Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia Associated with Cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2005, 352(4):373-379.
[65]Body JJ. Hypercalcemia of malignancy[J]. Semin Nephrol, 2004, 24(1):48-54.
[66]Ralston SH, Gallacher SJ, Patel U, et al. Cancer-associated hypercalcemia: morbidity and mortality: Clinical experience in 126 treated patients[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1990, 112(7):499-504.
[67]Wimalawansa SJ. Significance of plasma PTH-rp in patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy treated with bisphosphonate[J]. Cancer, 1994, 73(8):2223-2230.
[68]Glass DA 2nd, Patel MS, Karsenty G. A new insight into the formation of osteolytic lesions in multiple myeloma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003, 349(26):2479-2480.
[69]Seymour JF, Gagel RF. Calcitriol: the major humoral mediator of hypercalcemia in Hodgkin′s and non-Hodgkin′s lymphomas[J]. Blood, 1993, 82(5):1383-1394.
[70]Deftos LJ. Hypercalcemia in malignant and inflammatory diseases[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2002, 31(1):141-158.
[71]Myers WP. Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia and cancer[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 1977, 27(5):258-272.
[72]John R, Oleesky D, Issa B, et al. Pseudohypercalcaemia in two patients with IgM paraproteinaemia[J]. Ann Clin Biochem, 1997, 34 (Pt 6):694-696.
[73]Ladenson JH, Lewis JW, McDonald JM, et al. Relationship of free and total calcium in hypercalcemic conditions[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1979, 48(3):393-397.
[74]Stewart AF. Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2005, 352(4):373-379.
[75]Ratcliffe WA, Hutchesson AC, Bundred NJ, et al. Role of assays for parathyroid-hormone-related protein in investigation of hypercalcaemia[J]. Lancet, 1992, 339(8786):164-167.
[76]Santarpia L, Koch CA, Sarlis NJ. Hypercalcemia in cancer patients: pathobiology and management[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2010, 42(3):153-164.
[77]Koo WS, Jeon DS, Ahn SJ, et al. Calcium-free hemodialysis for the management of hypercalcemia[J]. Nephron, 1996, 72(3):424-428.
[78]3Rd VA, O′Neal W, Palermo V. Lethal hyperparathyroid crisis:hazards of phosphate administration[J]. Surgery, 1987, 102(6):941-948.
|
|
|
|