Objective Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson′s disease. The present study aims to investigate the effect of intrastriatum inflammation on degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. Methods The experiment was conduct in Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Institute for Neuroscience between June 2013 and December 2015. Sixty healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned into LPS-injected group and saline-injected group. Rats received bilateral injection of LPS or saline into striatum. Ethovision software allowed measurement of movement distance and speed at pre-surgery and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after surgery. 8, 16, 24 weeks after injection, 10 animals were deeply anesthetized prior to transcardial perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The numbers of TH-positive neurons and microglia were detected by TH and OX-42 immunohistochemistry at 8, 16, 24 weeks post-injecting. The level of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)was measured through enzyme immunoassay system(ELISA). Results Analysis of movement speed showed LPS-injected rats moved more slowly at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks as compared with pre-surgery movement speed; movement distance and mean speed of LPS-treated at 24 weeks showed 50% less than those of NS-treated. NS-injected rats were not observed clear difference at different time. On the contrary, TH-positive neurons of LPS-injected group were less and less, they decreased by 70%(P＜0.05)than NS-injected group at 24 weeks. The amounts of dopamine in LPS-injected rat striatum were lower than the control group with a significant difference. Dopamine of LPS-treated group reduce 35%, 56%, and 68% respectively at 8, 16, 24 weeks than NS-treated group. Microglia in substantia nigra of LPS-injected rats increased and appeared active. Moreover, BDNF of LPS-injected group showed obviously increasing. The level of BDNF was almost twice at 8 weeks and 16 weeks than control. Conclusion Inflammation in stratum may lead to loss of TH expression. Activation of microglia may play a key role in nigral-neurons to degenerative. Neurotrophic factor makes some changes with these changes. And the changes show chronic process.